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Drishti IAS Presents...e-mail: englishsupport@groupdrishti.com, Website: www.drishtiias.comContact: Inquiry (English): 8010440440, Inquiry (Hindi): 8750187501Drishti IAS, Tonk Road, Vasundhra Colony, Jaipur, RajasthanDrishti IAS, 641, Mukherjee Nagar, Opp. Signature View Apartment, New DelhiDrishti IAS, Tashkent Marg,Civil Lines, Prayagraj, Uttar PradeshDrishti IAS, 21Pusa Road, Karol BaghNew Delhi - 05DetailedExplanationAnswersExplanationExplanationAnswersAnswersAnswersExplanationAnswersAnswersAnswersExplanationAnswersAnswersAnswersAnswersExplanationAnswersAnswersAnswersExplanationAnswersExplanationAnswersExplanationAnswersAnswersExplanationAnswers(March 2022 — March 2023)(March 2022 — March 2023)EnvironmEnt & EcologyEnvironmEnt & Ecologywww.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 21. Ans: AExp:z It is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). POPs are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms, and are toxic to humans and wildlife. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Its objectives are:� Support the transition to safer alternatives.� Target additional POPs for action.� Clean up old stockpiles and equipment containing POPs.� Work together for a POPs-free future. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z India ratified the Stockholm Convention in 2006 as per Article 25(4), which enabled it to keep itself in a default “opt-out” position such that amendments in various Annexes of the convention cannot be enforced on it unless an instrument of ratification/ acceptance/ approval or accession is explicitly deposited with UN depositary. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.2. Ans: BExp:z Meteorological Drought: It is based on the degree of dryness or rainfall deficit and the length of the dry period.� Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z Hydrological Drought: It is based on the impact of rainfall deficits on the water supply such as stream flow, reservoir and lake levels, and ground water table decline.z Socioeconomic Drought: It considers the impact of drought conditions (meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological drought) on supply and demand of some economic goods such as fruits, vegetables, grains and meat.� Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Hence, option B is correct.3. Ans: BExp:z A Ramsar site is a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, which is also known as the ‘Convention on Wetlands’.� It is an intergovernmental environmental treaty established by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1971.� States - Number of Ramsar Sites:� Tamil Nadu : 14� Jammu and Kashmir : 6� Gujarat : 4� Assam : 1� Therefore, correct sequence: 1-3-2-4z Hence, option B is correct.4. Ans: CExp:z India has set the target to reduce country’s total projected carbon emission by 1 billion tonnes by 2030. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z India would achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 and not by 2060. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.z The national goal to reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less than 45% by 2030. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.5. Ans: BExp:z Pangong Lake is located in the Union Territory of Ladakh and not in Uttarakhand. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z It is situated at a height of almost 4,350m and is the world’s highest saltwater lake. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Extending to almost 160km, one-third of Pangong Lake lies in India, and the other two-thirds in China and not Nepal. Hence, statement 3 is not correct6. Ans: DExp:z Cloudbursts are short-duration, intense rainfall events over a small area.z It is a weather phenomenon with unexpected precipitation exceeding 100mm/h over a geographical region of approximately 20-30 square km.Because of the high relative humidity and high cloud cover, as well as the low temperature and slow winds, a large volume of clouds may condensate at a very quick rate, resulting in a cloudburst.7. Ans: CExp:z The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act commonly referred to as The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 recognizes the rights of the forest dwelling tribal communities and other traditional forest dwellers to www.drishtiias.com3 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanationforest resources, on which these communities were dependent for a variety of needs, including livelihood, habitation and other socio-cultural needs.z These rights allow the community to formulate rules for forest use by itself and others and thereby discharge its responsibilities under Section 5 of the FRA. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z These rights give the authority to the Gram Sabha to adopt local traditional practices of forest conservation and management within the community forest resource boundary. Hence, statement 2 is correct.8. Ans: DExp:z Wind turbines first emerged more than a century ago.� Following the invention of the electric generator in the 1830s, engineers started attempting to harness wind energy to produce electricity.� Wind power generation took place in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1887 and 1888, but modern wind power is considered to have been first developed in Denmark.� Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z Wind energy today typically comes in two different “types”: onshore wind farms which are large installations of wind turbines located on land, and offshore wind farms which are installations located in bodies of water.� Offshore wind energy refers to the deployment of wind farms inside the water bodies. They utilise the sea winds to generate electricity. These wind farms either use fixed-foundation turbines or floating wind turbines.� Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Hence, option D is correct.9. Ans: CExp:z La Nina means the Little Girl in Spanish. It is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Nino, or simply “a cold event.”� La Nina events represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific.� Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.� It is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).� Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z El Nino also impacts ocean temperatures, the speed and strength of ocean currents, the health of coastal fisheries, and local weather from Australia to South America and beyond.� Hence, statement 3 is correct.z Hence, option C is correct.10. Ans: CExp:z The UNFCCC, signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as the Earth Summit, the Rio Summit or the Rio Conference. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z The secretariat was established in 1992 when countries adopted the UNFCCC. The original secretariat was in Geneva. Since 1996, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, Germany.z The Convention establishes two permanent subsidiary bodies (SBs), namely the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), by Article 9, and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), by Article 10. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z The primary function of this body is to advise the Conference of Parties.11. Ans: CExp:z Black rhinos are the smaller of the two African Rhino species.z Protection Status of Black Rhino:� CITES: Appendix I.� IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Scientific Name of the Black Rhino is Diceros bicornis.z Black rhinos may be found in semi-desertsavannah, woodlands, forests, and wetlands. Hence statement 2 is correct.z They are characterized by having two horns, and occasionally a third, small posterior horn.12. Ans: DExp:z The Heatwave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z If the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C, then an increase of 5°C to 6°C from the normal temperature is considered to be heat wave condition.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 4z Recognizing heat waves as a major disaster is long due. India still has a long way to go in building public awareness, particularly on how individuals and local communities can take care of themselves. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.� Declaring heat waves as a natural disaster would help the state and district administration prepare a heatwave action plan at the regional level.13. Ans: DExp:z All the above-mentioned national parks are located in Odisha; Hence, all the statements are correct.14. Ans: AExp:z Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process for producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters.� Oceans are huge heat reservoirs as they cover almost 70% of Earth’s surface.z Researchers focus on two types of OTEC technologies-� Closed cycle method - where a working fluid (ammonia) is pumped through a heat exchanger for evaporation and the steam runs a turbine.� The vapour is turned back to f lu id (condensation) by the cold water found at the depths of the ocean where it returns to the heat exchanger.� Open cycle method - where the warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted to steam which runs the turbine. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths.z Historical perspective:� India initially had planned to set up an OTEC plant way back in 1980, off the Tamil Nadu coast. However, with the foreign vendor closing down its operation, it had to be abandoned.z India’s OTEC Potential:� As India is geographically well-placed to generate ocean thermal energy, with around 2000 kms of coast length along the South Indian coast, where a temperature difference of above 20°C is available throughout the year.� The total OTEC potential around India is estimated as 180,000 MW, considering 40% of gross power for parasitic losses.z Working of the OTEC plant:� As the energy from the sun heats the surface water of the ocean. In tropical regions, surface water can be much warmer than deep water.� This temperature difference can be used to produce electricity and desalinate ocean water.� Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems use a temperature difference (of at least 77°F) to power a turbine to produce electricity. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� Warm surface water is pumped through an evaporator containing a working fluid. The vaporized fluid drives a turbine/generator.� Then the vaporized fluid is turned back to a liquid in a condenser cooled with cold ocean water pumped from deeper into the ocean.� OTEC systems use seawater as the working fluid and can use condensed water to produce desalinated water. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Significance:� Two of the biggest advantages of OTEC are that it produces clean environmentally friendly renewable energy and, unlike solar plants which can’t work at night and wind turbines which only work when it’s windy, OTEC can produce energy at all times. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.15. Ans: CExp:z The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a legally binding treaty to conserve biodiversity, has been in force since 1993. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� It has 3 main objectives:� The conservation of biological diversity.� The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity.www.drishtiias.com5 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation� The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.z The CBD Secretariat is based in Montreal, Canada and it operates under the United Nations Environment Program. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z A supplementary agreement to the Convention known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted in 2000.16. Ans: CExp:z India’s contribution is 45.8% total of mangrove cover in South Asia.z Sundarbans in West Bengal are the largest mangrove forest regions in the world. It is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Mangroves also serve as storm buffers by reducing wind and wave action in shallow shoreline areas.z Underground tissue of any plant needs oxygen for respiration. But in a mangrove environment, the oxygen in soil is limited or nil.� Mangroves produce special roots cal led pneumatophores for the purpose of breathing. Hence, statement 2 is correct.17. Ans: CExp:z Lion� About:� Scientific Name: Panthera leo� The lion is divided into two subspecies: the African lion (Panthera leo leo) and the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica).� Asiatic lions are slightly smaller than African lions. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.� The most striking morphological character, which is always seen in Asiatic lions, and rarely in African lions, is a longitudinal fold of skin running along its belly.z Role in the Animal Kingdom:� Lions hold an indispensable place in the ecosystem, they are an apex predator of their habitat, responsible for checking the population of grazers, thus helping in maintaining the ecological balance.� Lions also contribute to keeping the population of their prey healthy and resilient as they target the weakest members of the herd. Thus, indirectly helping in disease control in the prey population.z Threats:� Poaching, genetic inbreeding arising from a single population inhabiting one place, diseases such as plague, canine distemper or a natural disaster.z Protection Status:� IUCN Red List: Vulnerable� Asiatic Lion - Endangered. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.� CITES: Appendix I for populations of India, all other populations are included in Appendix II.� Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule Iz Status in India:� India is home to the majestic Asiatic Lion, who inhabit the protected territory of Sasan-Gir National Park (Gujarat). It is the only natural habitat of world popular Asiatic Lions. Hence, statement 3 is correct.� According to the data from 2020, there are 674 lions in India, which were 523 in 2015.18. Ans: AExp:z Srivilliputhur Elephant Reserve : Tamil Nadu.z Wayanad Elephant Reserve : Kerala.z Agasthyamalai Elephant Reserve : Tamil Nadu.z Anamudi Elephant Reserve : Kerala.z Hence, option A is correct.19. Ans: BExp:z Air Quality and Health in Cities report analysed pollution and global health effects for more than 7,000 cities around the world between 2010 and 2019.z The study ranked cities on the basis of two major air pollutants found — fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).z India-Specific Findings:� PM 2.5 Levels: Delhi and Kolkata are ranked first and second in the list of top 10 most polluted cities when PM 2.5 levels were compared. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.� NO2 Levels: No Indian city appeared in the list of top 10 or even top 20 polluted cities when NO2 levels were compared. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� Average NO2 levels for Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai, according to the report, ranged from 20-30 µg/m3.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 6� Death Burden: Delhi came in 6th, with 106 deaths per 100,000 and Kolkata at 8th with 99 deaths associated with a PM 2.5-relatedillness.20. Ans: CExp:z Recently, the United Nations organised the Intergovernmental Conference to draft the first-ever treaty on the Ocean’s Biological Diversity to conserve marine diversity in the High Seas.z Countries can protect or exploit waters under 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres) to their shorelines, but everything outside these ‘exclusive economic zones’ is considered international waters: the high seas.� Hence, statement 1 is correct.z They are also prime territory for the discovery of valuable mineral deposits, potent pharmaceuticals and oil and gas reserves.� Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Hence, option C is correct.21. Ans: CExp:z The Asiatic Lion is also known as the Persian Lion or Indian Lion.z It is a Panthera Leo Leo subspecies found only in India.z Its historical habitats were West Asia and the Middle East, where it became extinct.z Gir National Park is the only place where Asiatic Lions can be seen. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, often known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, was established in 1964 and is the world’s most thorough record of the global conservation status of biological species.z Asiatic Lion is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z The most serious threat to the Asiatic Lion population is habitat loss. Hence, statement 3 is correct.22. Ans: CExp:z CAM is a cyclic reaction occurring in the dark phase of photosynthesis in the plants of Crassulaceae.z It is a CO2 fixation process wherein the first product is malic acid.� Hence, statement 1 is correct.z It is the third alternate pathway of Calvin cycle, occurring in mesophyll cells.z CAM plants are usually succulents (any plant with thick fleshy tissues adapted to water storage) and they grow under extremely xeric (containing little moisture; very dry) conditions. In these plants, the leaves are succulent or fleshy.� Hence, statement 2 is correct.23. Ans: BExp:z Coral reefs have been necessary to sustain life in the oceans. These reefs not only provide sanctuary to a vast ecosystem but also protect the coastlines from eroding.z Coral reefs are formed when the freely moving larvae of corals attach themselves to sedimentary rocks or hard surfaces near the coastlines. This process is undertaken with the help of several other processes like sedimentation, compaction, cementation and solidification of the skeletons of coral polyps.� Hence, statement 1 is correct.z The slight salt in ocean waters is extremely important for the development of coral polyps. The polyps extract calcium from the waters to protect their skeletons. Hence, mild salinity is a necessity for coral reefs to flourish.� Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Hence, option B is correct.24. Ans: DExp:z The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.z It is a set of 17 SDGs that recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability.z No Poverty - SDG-1� End poverty everywhere, in all its formsz Zero Hunger - SDG-2� End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculturez Good Health and Well-being- SDG-3� Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesz Quality Education - SDG-4� Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote learning opportunities for allhttps://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper3/sustainable-development-3https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-international-institution/united-nations-1www.drishtiias.com7 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanationz Gender Equality - SDG-5� Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girlsz Clean Water and Sanitation - SDG-6� Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for allz Affordable And Clean Energy - SDG-7� Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for allz Decent Work and Economic Growth - SDG-8� Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for allz Industry, Innovation, And Infrastructure - SDG-9� Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovationz Reduced Inequalities - SDG-10� Reduce inequality within and among countriesz Sustainable Cities and Communities - SDG-11� Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainablez Responsible Consumption and Production - SDG-12� Ensure sustainable consumption and production patternsz Climate Action - SDG-13� Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impactsz Life Below Water - SDG-14� Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable developmentz Life On Land - SDG-15� Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reserve land degradation and halt biodiversity lossz Peace, Justice, And Strong Institutions- SDG-16� Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.z Partnerships For the Goals - SDG-17� Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.z Hence, all the 4 pairs are correct.25. Ans: CExp:z India has enhanced its climate change targets for 2030.� India is now committing itself to at least 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP (emissions per unit of GDP) from 2005 levels.� The target before was a 33% - 35% reduction.z At the UNFCCC COP26 in Glasgow, India advocated for five aspects for climate change, termed “Panchamrit.” Hence, statement 1 is correctz India promises that by 2030, at least half of installed energy generation capacity will be based on non-fossil fuel sources by the virtue of enhanced climate change targets. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� This is an increase from the previous target of 40%.The updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) seek to enhance India’s contributions towards the achievement of the strengthening of global response to the threat of climate change, as agreed under the Paris Agreement.26. Ans: DExp:Constitutional Provisions for Widllife:z The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List.� Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.� Hence, statement 2 is correct.27. Ans: DExp:z Ocean and Coasts provide a natural way of reducing the impact of greenhouse gasses on our atmosphere, through sequestration of this carbon.z Blue carbon is the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the world’s oceanic and coastal ecosystems, primarily by algae, seagrasses, macroalgae, mangroves, salt marshes, and other plants in coastal wetlands. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.� Blue Carbon refers to carbon sinks held by coastal, aquatic, and marine vegetation, marine organisms, and sediments.z Blue Carbon is a natural climate solution for mitigating and reversing the consequences of Climate Change and Global Warming. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & EcologyExplanation 828. Ans: AExp:z The tiger is the largest cat species and a member of the genus Panthera.� Scientific Name: Panthera tigris� Indian Sub Species: Panthera tigris tigris.z Traditionally eight subspecies of tigers have been recognized, out of which three are extinct.� Bengal Tigers: Indian Subcontinent� Caspian tiger: Turkey through central and west Asia (extinct).� Amur tiger: Amur Rivers region of Russia and China, and North Korea� Javan tiger: Java, Indonesia (extinct).� South China tiger: South central China.� Bali tiger: Bali, Indonesia (extinct).� Sumatran tiger: Sumatra, Indonesia.� Indo-Chinese tiger: Continental south-east Asia.z Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Threats:� Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching.z Protection Status:� Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I� International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List: Endangered. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Appendix I.z Tiger Reserves in India� Total Number: 53.� Largest: Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.� Smallest: Bor tiger reserve in Maharashtraz 29th July is observed as International Tiger Day (ITD) to promote the conservation of the striped cat as well as to advocate a global system for protecting its natural habitats.� ITD was established in 2010 at St Petersburg Tiger Summit in Russia in order to raise awareness about the decline of wild tiger numbers, leaving them on the brink of extinction, and to encourage the work of Tiger Conservation.� The Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam has 2.4 tigresses for every tiger, the annual wildlife monitoring results of the trans-boundary wildlife preserve has revealed.29. Ans: CExp:z It’s the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, the pristine Loktak Lake is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Manipur and not in Mizoram, Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Loktak lake was initially designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1990.� Later it was also listed under the Montreux Record in 1993, Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z The lake houses the only floating national park in the world, the Keibul Lamjao National Park, Hence, statement 3 is correct.30. Ans: BExp:Sustainable Development Goals:z The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.z At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership.z The Goals are:z Only Pair 1 and Pair 2 are correctly matched. Therefore, option B is correct.31. Ans: BExp:z The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, located in the Western Ghats in the country’s south, has peaks that rise 1,868 metres above sea level. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z The site, which is mostly a tropical forest, is home to various species of higher plants, including those which are endemic in nature.www.drishtiias.com9 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanationz It is also a unique genetic reservoir for cultivated plants, particularly cardamom, jamune, nutmeg, pepper, and plantain. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z The site contains three wildlife sanctuaries, Shendurney, Peppara, and Neyyar, as well as the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger reserve. Hence, statement 3 is correct.32. Ans: DExp:Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016z In rural areas responsibility for implementation of these rules is given to Gram Panchayat.z First, the responsibility of waste generators is being introduced i.e., Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).z Earlier, EPR was left to the discretion of the local bodies. Firstly, the producers (i.e., persons engaged in manufacture, or import of carry bags, multi-layered packaging and sheets or like and the persons using these for packaging or wrapping their products) and brand owners have been made responsible for collecting waste generated from their products. They have to approach local bodies for formulation of plan/system for the plastic waste management within the prescribed. Hence statement 1 is correct.Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2018z The amended Rules also prescribe a central registration system for the registration of the producer/importer/brand owner. The Rules also lay down that any mechanism for the registration should be automated and should take into account ease of doing business for producers, recyclers and manufacturers.Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021z For effective implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility, the Guidelines for Extended Producer Responsibility being brought out have been given legal force through Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021. Hence statement 2 is correct.33. Ans: DExp:z CAQM is a statutory body formed under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas, Act 2021. Hence Statement 1 is not correct.z Earlier, the commission was formed through the promulgation of the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Ordinance, 2021.z Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas, Act 2021 dissolved the Environment Pollution Prevention and Control Authority (EPCA) established in the NCR in 1998. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.34. Ans: DExp:z Green pit viper is a hemotoxic venomous snake. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z The antivenom available in India cannot counter the venom of the green pit viper.z The antivenom is derived from the “Big Four” snakes in India namely Russell’s viper, Common Krait, Indian Cobra and Saw-scaled viper.z A hemotoxic venom prevents blood in the body from clotting resulting in internal bleeding. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Snakes that inject neurotoxic venom impact animal’s nervous systems causing muscle paralysis, damage to the brain, and loss of consciousness.z Neurotoxins are substances that attack the central nervous system. They prevent muscles from functioning, resulting in asphyxia.35. Ans: CExp:z It was adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.z The present Framework applies to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during the 2015 Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR). Hence, statement 2 is correct.z It is the successor instrument of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building Nations’ and Communities’ Resilience to Disasters.36. Ans: AExp:z Snow leopards act as an indicator of the health of the mountain ecosystem in which they live, due to their position as the top predator in the food web.z In India, their geographical range encompasses:� Western Himalayas: Jammu and Kashmir & Ladakh ( Hemis National Park), Himachal Pradesh (Great Himalayan National Park)www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 10� Eastern Himalayas: Uttarakhand (Gangotri National Park), Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.� Snow leopards cannot be found in Gorumara National Park which is located in West Bengal.z Hence, option A is correct.37. Ans: CExp:z Monarch Butterfly is a sub-species of the Danaus plexippus butterfly that travelsaround 4,000 kilometres across America.z It’s the most recognizable butterfly species that are essential pollinators and further provides various ecosystem services such as maintaining the global food web. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z They follow a unique lifestyle as they breed on only one particular plant, The Milkweeds. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z A smaller population of the species is also found in countries like Australia, Hawaii, and India. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.38. Ans: CExp:z Around 89% of ground water extracted is used in the irrigation sector, making it the highest category user in the country. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� This is followed by ground water for domestic use which is 9% of the extracted groundwater.z Water being a state subject, initiatives on water management including water conservation and water harvesting and making available adequate drinkable water to citizens in the Country is primarily States’ responsibility. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z The activities related to the regulation of ground water development in the country are being looked after by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), constituted under the Environmental (Protection) Act. Hence, statement 3 is correct.39. Ans: DExp:z India has added five more Ramsar sites, or wetlands of international importance, bringing the number of such sites to 54.z ‘Convention on Wetlands’ is an intergovernmental environmental treaty established by UNESCO in 1971, and named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the convention was signed that year. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Sundarbans in West Bengal is the largest Ramsar site in India. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z India’s Ramsar wetlands are spread over 11,000 sq km — around 10% of the total wetland area in the country — across 18 States.� No other South Asian country has as many sites though this has much to do with India’s geographical breadth and tropical diversity.� Hence, statement 3 is correct.40. Ans: CExp:z In order to fund mitigation and adaptation measures that will address climate change, local, national, or transnational financing that is derived from public, private, and alternative sources of financing is referred to as “climate finance.” Hence, statement 1 is correct.z The UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement call for financial assistance from Parties with more financial resources (Developed Countries) to those that are less endowed and more vulnerable (Developing Countries).z This financial assistance is provided through the principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities” (CBDR). Hence, statement 2 is correct.z As the climate emergency intensifies, the public and private sectors need to unite to address the increasing threat of climate change to limit a global temperature rise to no more than a 1.5-degree Celsius increase.41. Ans: DExp:Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 2006z Environment Impact Assessment in India is statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which contains various provisions on EIA methodology and process. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z Decentralization of Project Clearances: It classified the developmental projects in two categories:z Category A (national level appraisal): projects are appraised by Impact Assessment Agency (IAA) and the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC). Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Category B (state level appraisal): State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) provide clearance to the Category B projects. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Introduction of Different Stages: The Amendment introduced four stages into EIA Cycle; Screening, Scoping, Public hearing and Appraisal.www.drishtiias.com11 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation� Category A projects require mandatory environmental clearance and thus they do not have to undergo the screening process.� Category B projects undergo a screening process and are further classified into B1 (Mandatorily requiring EIA) and B2 (Not requiring EIA).z Projects with Mandatory Clearance: Projects such as mining, thermal power plants, river valley, infrastructure (road, highway, ports, harbours and airports) and industries including very small electroplating or foundry units are mandated to get environment clearance.42. Ans: DExp:Forest Fire Incidents in Indiaz There has been a ten-fold increase in forest fires in the past two decades, and more than 62% of Indian states are prone to high-intensity forest fires. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra are the most prone to high-intensity forest fire events caused by rapid change in climate. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z Mizoram has had the highest number of forest fire incidences in the last two decades, with more than 95% of its districts being forest fire hotspots. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Districts that were earlier flood prone have now become drought prone due to a “swapping trend” as a result of climatic changes.z More than 75 % of Indian districts are extreme climate event hotspots, and more than 30 % of districts are extreme forest fire hotspots.z Initiatives Taken:� The National Action Plan for Forest Fires (NAPFF), was started in 2018 with the goal of reducing forest fires by informing, enabling, and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivizing them to collaborate with state forest departments.� The Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM) is the only government-sponsored programme dedicated to assisting states in dealing with forest fires.43. Ans: CExp:z Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was enacted for the protection of plants and animal species.z It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z The WPA act provides for the constitution of bodies to be established under this act such as the National and State Board for Wildlife, Central Zoo Authority and National Tiger Conservation Authority. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z The state governments are also entitled to appoint Wildlife Wardens in each district. Hence, statement 3 is correct.44. Ans: CExp:z There are only two different panda species in the world, the Giant Pandas and the Red Pandas.z Red Pandas are also the state animal of Sikkim. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Red Pandas are shy, solitary and arboreal animals and considered an indicator species for ecological change.z India is home to both the (sub) species:� Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens)� Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani)z Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits the two phylogenetic species.z It is found in the forests of India, Nepal, Bhutan and the northern mountains of Myanmar and southern China.z Protection Status:� Red Pandas: IUCN Red List: Endangered. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.� CITES: Appendix I. Hence, statement 3 is correct.� Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I.45. Ans: CExp:z The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Hills, are well known for their rich and unique assemblage of flora and fauna.z It is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z The mountains of the Western Ghats are Block Mountains formed due to the down warping of a part of land into the Arabian Sea. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z The peak of Anamudi in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats, as well as the highest peak in India outside the Himalayas. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.46. Ans: BExp:z Chenkurinji (Gluta travancorica), is a plant species endemic to the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment& Ecology Explanation 12� This Anacardiaceae family tree was once abundant in the hills on the southern parts of Aryankavu Pass, but its presence has been rapidly declining over the years.� It’s used to lower blood pressure and treat arthritis.� It’s a native species of South India.z Recently ‘Save Chenkurinji’, a campaign has been launched to protect it from climate change.� It aims to plant thousands of saplings as part of the campaign in the ghat sectors of the Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts.z Hence, option B is correct.47. Ans: DExp:z The Environment (Protection) Act, (EPA) 1986, establishes the framework for studying, planning, and implementing long-term requirements of environmental safety and laying down a system of speedy and adequate response to situations threatening the environment.’z The EPA Act was enacted under Article 253 of the Indian Constitution which provides for the enactment of legislation for giving effect to international agreements. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� Article 48A of the Constitution specifies that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.� Article 51A further provides that every citizen shall protect the environment.z The Central government as per the Act has the power to direct:� The closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� The stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity or water or any other service.z Non-compliance or Contravention to any of the provisions of the Act is considered as an offence. Hence, statement 3 is correct.48. Ans: CExp:z CDRI is a global partnership of national governments, United Nations agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks and financing mechanisms, the private sector, and academic and research institutions.z It aims to increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks, thereby ensuring sustainable development.z It was launched in 2019, at the United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z It is the Government of India’s second major global initiative after the International Solar Alliance, and it demonstrates India’s leadership in climate change and disaster resilience issues. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Members:� Since its inception, 31 countries, 6 international organisations and 2 private sector organisations have joined CDRI as members.� 6 International Organisations: Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank Group, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), European Union, European Investment Bank. Hence, statement 3 is correct.� 2 Private Sector Organisations: The Private Sector Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies and Coalition for Climate Resilient Investment.49. Ans: AExp:z About Snow Leopards:� Snow leopards are also known as “Ghost of Mountains”. They act as an indicator of the health of the mountain ecosystem in which they live, due to their position as the top predator in the food web. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.� They are listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List. They are listed in appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.� They have a vast but fragmented distribution across the mountainous landscape of central Asia, which covers different parts of the Himalayas such as Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. Hence, statement 3 is correct.50. Ans: AExp:z About Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN):� Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) was launched as a Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation in 2016.www.drishtiias.com13 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation� It was formulated based on the review of The National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP)-2016 and planned to remain in force for 10 years.� Under this Scheme, Regional Connectivity Fund (RCF) was created, which funds the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) requirements of the scheme through a levy on certain domestic flights.� VGF means a grant one-time or deferred, provided to support infrastructure projects that are economically justified but fall short of financial viability.z Objectives:� To develop the regional aviation market.� To provide affordable, economically viable and profitable air travel on regional routes to the common man even in small towns.z Features:� The scheme envisages providing connectivity to unserved and underserved airports of the country through the revival of existing air-strips and airports.� Under-served airports are those which do not have more than one flight a day, while unserved airports are those where there are no operations.z Financial incentives from the Centre, state governments and airport operators are extended to selected airlines to encourage operations from unserved and under-served airports and keep airfares affordable. Hence, option A is correct.51. Ans: AExp:z Particulate Matter is the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.z Particulate Matter is also called as Particle Pollution.� Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Some are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires.� Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which are pollutants emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.� PM also includes dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye.� Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Hence, option A is correct.52. Ans: BExp:z Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve is situated on Nallamala Hills. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z It was notified in the year of 1978 and came under the protection of Project Tiger in 1983.z The Krishna River passes through Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z In 1992, it was retitled as Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.53. Ans: DExp:Western Ghats:z The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Hills, are well known for their rich and unique assemblage of flora and fauna. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Western Ghats consists of a chain of mountains running parallel to India’s Western Coast and passing from the states of Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.z The Western Ghats is one of four global biodiversity hotspots in India. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� The other three are the Himalayas, the Indo-Burma region and the Sundaland (includes the Nicobar Islands).z It is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.z The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve forms the largest contiguous protected area in the Western Ghats. Hence, statement 3 is correct.54. Ans: BExp:z Dredging is the process of removing sediment and debris from the bottom of bodies of water, such as rivers, harbours, and ports. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z It is typically done using specialized equipment, such as dredges, to excavate and remove the material.z The dredging process is also subject to the provisions of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 1994. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 1994 is a set of regulations issued by the Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change for the purpose of assessing the potential environmental impact of proposed development projects.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023)Environment & Ecology Explanation 1455. Ans: AExp:z Environment Impact Assessment in India is statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which contains various provisions on EIA methodology and process. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z The EIA report is prepared by the project proponent, and is evaluated by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the MoEFCCz Public hearings for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are typically conducted after the EIA report has been completed and is available for review. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z The exact timing of the hearing may vary depending on the specific project and the regulations in place in the area where the project is proposed.56. Ans: BExp:z Indian star tortoises are found across the Indian subcontinent, more specifically, in the Central and Southern parts of India, in West Pakistan and in Sri Lanka. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z It is typically found in dry, open habitats such as scrub forests, grasslands, and rocky outcroppings.z The species is facing twin challenges of a threat to its habitat at one level and loss of its genetic diversity at the other.z The IUCN status of the tortoise is Vulnerable. Hence, statement 2 is correct.57. Ans: BExp:z Binturong, (Arctictis binturong), also called bear cat or cat bear, catlike omnivore of the civet family (Viverridae), found in dense forests of Southeast Asia. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� Blyth’s tragopan is the State bird of Nagaland. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z It has long shaggy hair, tufted ears, and a long, bushy, prehensile tail. The colour generally is black with a sprinkling of whitish hairs.z The binturong is principally nocturnal and crepuscular (that is, active during twilight).z It is found most often among the trees, using its prehensile tail as an aid in climbing. It feeds mainly on fruit, such as figs, but it also takes eggs and small animals.z Presently, it is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.58. Ans: AExp:z About:z It is a citizen-science programme supporting the conservation and management of wetlands and waterbirds worldwide. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� AWC is part of the global International Waterbird Census ( IWC) coordinated by Wetlands International.� AWC runs in parallel with other regional programmes of the IWC in Africa, Europe, West Asia, the Neotropics and the Caribbean.� AWC in India:� It was initiated in the Indian subcontinent in 1987 and since then has grown rapidly to cover major regions of Asia, from Afghanistan eastwards to Japan, Southeast Asia and Australasia.� In India, AWC is jointly coordinated by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and Wetlands International. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.59. Ans: AExp:z In line with Montreal Protocol, the plan emphasizes cutting those elements that deplete the ozone layer. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z It seeks to recognize “cooling and related areas” as a thrust area of research under the National S&T Program.z Thermal cooling through refrigerators or air conditioners will be done in a more energy efficient manner. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z The plan will possibly lead to the emergence of new technologies in the area of cooling.60. Ans: CExp:z The hornbills (Family Bucerotidae) are a family of birds found in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z India is home to nine species of hornbills.� The northeastern region has the highest diversity of hornbill species within India.� They are the cultural symbols of some ethnic communities in the northeast, specifically the Nyishi of Arunachal Pradesh. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Hornbills are hunted for their casques - upper beak - and feathers for adorning headgear. They are also poached for their meat and medicinal value of their body parts. Hence, statement 3 is correct.www.drishtiias.com15 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation� A conservation programme promoting the use of fibre-glass beaks for headgear instead of real hornbill casques has helped reduce some threat to it.� Illegal logging, i.e., cutting down tall trees where the hornbill birds’ nest and feed has led to the destruction of its natural habitat.61. Ans: AExp:z Status of Whale Shark:� The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I� International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List: Endangered, Hence, statement 1 is correct.� IUCN Green Status Assessment: Largely Depletedz Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) launched ‘Save the Whale Shark Campaign’ along Karnataka, Kerala and Lakshadweep in Mangalore.z The theme for International Whale Shark Day is “The Future of Sharks: Guardians of Our Seas’ for the year 2022. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.62. Ans: AExp:z It was launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019.z It is the first-ever effort in the country to frame a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound reduction target. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z It seeks to cut the concentration of coarse (particulate matter (PM) of diameter 10 micrometer or less, or PM10) and fine particles (particulate matter of diameter 2.5 micrometer or less, or PM2.5) by at least 20% in the next five years, with 2017 as the base year for comparison. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.63. Ans: DExp:z A ‘Soul of Steel’ challenge was launched in Uttarakhand on 14 January which aims to test one’s high-altitude endurance.� The general area of the expedition would be the Nanda Devi National Park.z The idea behind Soul of Steel is pooling of skill sets and creating a challenge that will unlock the human ability to survive, stabilise and thrive in high altitude areas.z It is based on the lines of the ‘Ironman triathlon’ long-distance triathlon challenge in Europe, which tests an individual’s grit and endurance.z Therefore, option D is correct.64. Ans: CExp:z Most cloud seeding operations use a compound called silver iodide (AgI) to aid in the formation of ice crystals or snowflakes. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Silver iodide exists naturally in the environment at low concentrations, and is not known to be harmful to humans or wildlife.z Cloud seeding is used all around the world to increase winter snowfall and mountain snowpack. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Recently, UAE combined water-attracting salt flares with salt nanoparticles, a newer technology, into the clouds to stimulate and accelerate the condensation process and hopefully produce droplets big enough to then fall as rain.65. Ans: AExp:VirovoreResearchers have found the first known “Virovore,” or organism that eats viruses.z The new findings may change our understanding of the role viruses play in the food chain at a microscopic level.� It has been identified as an actual species of protist that feasts on viruses.z These virus-eating species of protists — which are their own kingdom on the tree of life and are not an animal, plant, or fungi — are now classified as Virovores.z It is a species of Halteria - microscopic ciliates that populate freshwater worldwide.z The microbe Halteria is a common genus of protist known to flit about as its hair-like cilia propel it through the water.� Hence, option A is correct.66. Ans: BExp:Dugong (Dugong dugon) also called ‘Sea Cow’ is one of the four surviving species in the Order Sirenia and it is the only existing species of herbivorous mammal that lives exclusively in the sea including in India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Dugongs are an important part of the marine ecosystem and their depletion will have effects all the way up the food chain.z Distribution and Habitat: Theyare found in over 30 countries and in India are seen in the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Palk Bay, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Hence statement 2 is not correct.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 16z Conservation Status:z IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable. Hence statement 3 is not correct.� Wild (Life) Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I� CITES: Appendix I67. Ans: AExp:z About:� There are three subspecies of Asian elephant which are the Indian, Sumatran and Sri Lankan.� The Indian subspecies has the widest range and accounts for most of the remaining elephants on the continent.� The elephant herd is led by the oldest and largest female member (known as the matriarch). This herd includes the daughters of the matriarch and their offspring.� Elephants have the longest-known gestational (pregnancy) period of all mammals, lasting up to 680 days (22 months).� Females between 14 - 45 years may give birth to calves approximately every four years with the mean interbirth intervals increasing to five years by age 52 and six years by age 60.� Protection Status:� IUCN Red List: Endangered. Hence, option A is correct.� Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I.� CITES: Appendix I68. Ans: AExp:z The phytorid technology is developed by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI).� It is being used increasingly for various types of biodegradable wastewater across India.z The technology involves a constructed wetland exclusively designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural and industrial wastewater.z The Municipal Corporation of Tirupati (MCT), Andhra Pradesh is set to take a significant step in water treatment by putting in place what is claimed to be the country’s largest liquid waste treatment plant to use phytorid technology.z Therefore, option A is correct.69. Ans: AExp:z The Paris Climate Agreement is a non-binding agreement, which means that countries are not legally required to take specific actions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.� However, countries are required to submit nationally determined contributions outlining the actions they will take to reduce their emissions, and they are encouraged to report regularly on their progress.z It aims to limit global warming to well below 2° Celsius, and preferably limit it to 1.5° Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.z Under the Agreement, developed countries are required to provide financial assistance to developing countries to help them transition to low-carbon economies and adapt to the impacts of climate change.� This financial assistance is known as “climate finance.”z Hence, option A is correct.70. Ans: BExp:z Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS) is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve located in Kerala.z It shares its borders with the other protected areas of Bandipur and Nagarhole Tiger Reserve in the North-East side and Mudumalai Tiger Reserve of Tamil Nadu in the south-eastern side. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z Kabini river which is a tributary of Cauvery River flows through the Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary. Hence, statement 2 is correct.71. Ans: DExp:z Adopted in 1987, the Montreal Protocol is a worldwide agreement to stop the production of substances causing ozone-depletion.� Kigali Amendment to the Protocol: Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed to phase down p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n s u m p t i o n o f Hydrofluorocarbons, commonly known as HFCs. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z India is not a signatory to the Gothenburg Protocol. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.www.drishtiias.com17 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation72. Ans: DExp:Site of Coastal Red Sand Dunes:z About:� These are also known as ‘Erra Matti Dibbalu’. It is one of the many sites of Visakhapatnam, which have geological importance. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� The site is located along the coast and is about 20 km north-east of Visakhapatnam city and about 4 km south-west of Bheemunipatnam.� This site was declared as a geo-heritage site by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) in 2014 and the Andhra Pradesh government has listed it under the category of ‘protected sites’ in 2016. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z Distribution:� Such sand deposits are rare and have been reported only from three places in the tropical regions in south Asia such as Teri Sands in Tamil Nadu, Erra Matti Dibbalu in Visakhapatnam and one more site in Sri Lanka.� They do not occur in equatorial regions or temperate regions due to many scientific reasons. Hence, statement 3 is correct.73. Ans: BExp:z Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution that is formed when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z Other pollutants that can be found in smog include Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Volatile organic compounds (VOCs).z The main pollutants found in smog are ground-level ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Hence, statement 2 is correct.74. Ans: BExp:z Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area located in the Western Ghats of India. It is situated in the Kollam district of the state of Kerala. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z White Tufted Royal Butterfly protected under Schedule 2 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.z The sanctuary is also a part of the proposed Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve and the proposed Kollam-Shendurney Elephant Reserve. Hence, statement 2 is correct.75. Ans: DExp:z Another common name for Indian skimmers is Indian scissors bill. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z They are more widespread in winter. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z The Indian skimmer is found in the coastal estuaries of western and eastern India. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z The species can be seen near the Chambal River in Central India, in some parts of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.z Major Threats:� Habitat degradation, excessive and widespread increases in disturbances near the rivers.z Protection Status:� IUCN Red List Status: Endangered. Hence, statement 4 is not correct.� CITES: Not listed.76. Ans: CExp:World Wildlife Day:z World Wildlife Day has been celebrated every year on the 3rd of March since 2013. Hence statement 1 is correct.z The date chosen coincides with the day of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which was signed in 1973.z The UNGA (General Assembly) resolution also designated the CITES Secretariat as the facilitator for the global observance of this special day for wildlife on the UN (United Nations) calendar.z 2022 Theme: Recovering key species for ecosystem restoration. Hence statement 2 is correct.� This theme is chosen as a way to draw attention to the conservation status of some of the most critically endangered species of wild fauna and flora.77. Ans: DExp:z Great Barrier Reef is the world’s most extensive and spectacular Coral Reef ecosystem composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands.� The Great Barrier Reef makes up about 10% of the world’s coral reef ecosystems. Hence, statement 1 is correct.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 18� The reef is located in the Coral Sea (North-East Coast), off the coast of Queensland, Australia.z This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� They are made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps, which are tiny, soft-bodied organisms. At their base is a hard, protective limestone skeleton calleda calicle, which forms the structure of coral reefs.� These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic (symbiotic) relationship. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z It was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.78. Ans: CExp:Kaziranga National Park:z It is located in the State of Assam and is the single largest undisturbed and representative area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplain.z It was declared as a National Park in 1974.� It has been declared a tiger reserve since 2007. It has a total tiger reserve area of 1,030 sq km with a core area of 430 sq. km.z It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.z It is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.z It is not a Ramsar site. Deepor Beel is the only Ramsar site in Assam.z It is the home of the world’s most one-horned rhinos.� Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary has the highest density of one-horned rhinos in the world and the second highest number of Rhinos in Assam after Kaziranga National Park.z Hence, option C is correct.79. Ans: BExp:International Cheetah Day:Every year, International Cheetah Day is celebrated on 4th December since 2010.z Dr. Laurie Marker designated the day as International Cheetah Day in remembrance of Khayam, a cheetah she raised from a cub at Wildlife Safari in Winston, Oregon.z The cheetah is one of the oldest of the big cat species, with ancestors that can be traced back more than five million years to the Miocene era.z The cheetah is also the world’s fastest land mammal that lives in Africa and Asia.z A majority of the world’s 7,000 cheetahs live in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana.z Namibia has the world’s largest population of cheetahs. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z The cheetah is the only large carnivore that got completely wiped out from India, mainly due to over-hunting and habitat loss.z Eight Cheetahs have been recently reintroduced in India from Namibia to Kuno National Park.Sr. No. Parameter African Cheetah Asiatic Cheetah1. IUCN status Vulnerable Critically Endangered.2. CITES status Appendix-I of the List. Appendix-I of the List.3. Distribution Around 6,500-7,000 African cheetahs present in the wild.40-50 found only in Iran.4. Physical CharacteristicsBigger in size as compared to Asiatic Cheetah.Smaller and paler than the African cheetah. Has more fur, a smaller head and a longer neck. Usually have red eyes and they have a more cat-like appearance.5. Imagez Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.www.drishtiias.com19 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation80. Ans: DExp:z Hemis National Park is located in the union territory of Ladakh and is the biggest national park in India and also has a good presence of Snow Leopard. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z South Button Island National Park is located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Mollem National Park is Situated in Western ghats in the Goa. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z The Valmiki Tiger Reserve is located in the state of Bihar and is the only tiger reserve in Bihar, which forms the easternmost extent of the Himalayan Terai forests in India.� Situated in the Gangetic plains bio-geographic region, the vegetation of this Tiger Reserve is a combination of the Bhabar and Terai regions. Hence, statement 4 is correct.81. Ans: CExp:z The Savannah ecosystem is a tropical grassland with warm temperatures year-round and with its highest seasonal rainfall in the summer.z The savanna is characterized by grasses and small or dispersed trees that do not form a closed canopy, allowing sunlight to reach the ground.z The largest areas of savanna are found in Africa, South America, Australia, India, the Myanmar (Burma)–Thailand region in Asia, and Madagascar.z Hence, option C is correct.82. Ans: AExp:z About:� It is commonly known as Patwa, is a perennial shrub with a restricted distribution that is endemic to Uttarakhand. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z Enlisting in IUCN:� The study stated that the species is listed as ‘critically endangered’ based on its limited area of occupancy (less than 10 sq. km). Hence, statement 2 is not correct.� The species is threatened by deforestation, habitat fragmentation and forest fires.z Significance:� The essential oil extracted from the leaves of the species possesses strong antioxidants and can be a promising natural substitute for synthetic antioxidants in pharmaceutical industries.83. Ans: BExp:z Lion-tailed Macaque is classified as Endangered under the IUCN Red List. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z IUCN divides species into nine categories: Not Evaluated, Data Deficient, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild and Extinct.z The lion-tailed macaque, endemic to the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats in southern India. Hence, statement 2 is correct.84. Ans: CExp:z The Great Indian Bustard, found mainly in the Indian subcontinent, is the flagship grassland species of India.z Conservation status:� Listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection)Act, 1972, Hence, statement 1 is correct.� Listed in Appendix I of CITES,� Listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.z Grasslands of Kutch in Gujarat which is home to the second-largest bustard population in India. Hence, statement 2 is correct.85. Ans: BExp:z Flood Plain Zoning has been recognized as an effective non- structural measure for flood management. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z The basic concept of flood plain zoning is to regulate land use in the flood plains to restrict the damage caused by floods. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z It aims at determining the locations and the extent of areas for developmental activities in such a fashion that the damage is reduced to a minimum.z It envisages laying down limitations on development of both the unprotected as well as protected areas.86. Ans: CExp:z World Heritage Site refers to any of various areas or objects inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Hence, statement 1 is correct.� The sites are designated as having “outstanding universal value” under the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972.www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 20z There are three types of sites: Cultural, Natural, and Mixed.� Cultural heritage sites include hundreds of historic buildings and town sites, important archaeological sites, and works of monumental sculpture or painting.� Natural heritage sites are restricted to those natural areas that have excellent ecological and evolut ionary processes, unique natural phenomena, habitats of rare or endangered species etc.� Mixed heritage sites contain elements of both natural and cultural significance. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z India has 40 world heritage sites, including 32 cultural properties, 7 natural properties and 1 mixed site. The latest one included are Harappan city of Dholavira and Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple.� Recently, three sites- Gujarat’s Vadnagar town and the iconic Sun Temple at Modhera, and the Rock-cut Sculptures of Unakoti in Tripura have been added to the tentative list of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNCESO) World Heritage Sites. Hence, statement 3 is correct.87. Ans: CExp:z Skyglow is the brightening of the night sky caused by artificial lighting, primarily from streetlights, buildings, and advertising billboards. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z It is caused by the scattering of light in the atmosphere and can make it difficult to see stars and other celestial bodies at night.z This light floodsdirectly into the eyes of the Nocturnal (active at night) and also into the skies and misleads their path.z ‘Skyglow’ is one of the components of light pollution. Light pollution is typically composed of three main components: skyglow, glare, and light trespass. Hence, statement 2 is correct.88. Ans: BExp:z According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is considered Vulnerable. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z The global population of cheetahs is thought to be around 7,100 individuals, with the majority found in southern Africa.z Their populations have been in decline due to habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict.z Conservation efforts are underway to try to protect the remaining populations and increase their numbers.z The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), the world’s fastest cat, has been included in CITES Appendix I since 1975. Hence, statement 2 is correct.89. Ans: BExp:z Rainforests of the ocean, also known as coral reefs, are ecosystems that are home to a diverse array of plant and animal life, similar to how rainforests on land are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species.z Coral reefs are formed by colonies of small, hardy animals called coral polyps that build structures of calcium carbonate. These structures provide a home for countless other species, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and many types of algae. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and algae are all important components of the ocean ecosystem, but they are not considered to be rainforests of the ocean. Hence, option B is correct.90. Ans: CExp:z The FSI uses a number of different criteria to define what constitutes a forest, including the density of tree canopy, The presence of undergrowth, and the height of the trees.z In general, an area is considered to be forested if it has a tree canopy density of more than 10% and a minimum area of 1 hectare. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure the distance between the sensor and the ground.z It can be used to measure the forest canopy density by measuring the height of trees, which can then be used to estimate the canopy cover. Hence, statement 2 is correct.91. Ans: BExp:z Kelp forests are underwater ecosystems formed in shallow water by the dense growth of several different species. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z They thrive in cold, nutrient-rich waters. Hence, statement 2 is correct.z They attach to the seafloor and eventually grow to the water’s surface and rely on sunlight to generate food and energy, kelp forests are always coastal and require shallow, relatively clear water.https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/skyglow-light-pollutionwww.drishtiias.com21 PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanationz They provide underwater habitats to hundreds of species of invertebrates, fishes, and other algae and have great ecological and economic value.92. Ans: DExp:z A swallowtail butterfly disappearing from its previously known ranges from Myanmar and southern China to Vietnam has been recorded for the first time in India.z The butterfly is “extremely rare” Noble’s Helen (Papilio noblei), identified from three locations in the Namdapha National Park (Arunachal Pradesh).z Noble’s Helen is also found in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z These butterflies were recorded for the first time in India in the Namdapha National Park of Arunachal Pradesh. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.93. Ans: BExp:z Senna Spectabilis is an exotic tree and it was introduced as an ornamental species and for use as firewood from South and Central America. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z It has taken over between 800 and 1,200 hectares of the buffer zones of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR).z Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) is located in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu state, at the tri-junction of three states, viz, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Hence, statement 2 is correct.94. Ans: AExp:z Water Hyacinth, though, native to South Africa, has naturalised itself in many other parts of the world. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.z Water Hyacinth is a fast-growing aquatic plant that can quickly take over bodies of water, leading to negative impacts on the environment. Hence, statement 1 is correct.z The plant can reduce the amount of oxygen in the water, making it difficult for fish and other aquatic life to survive.z It can also block sunlight from reaching other aquatic plants, reducing their growth and survival.95. Ans: BExp:z Saltwater crocodiles are the largest of the 23 species of ‘extant’ or living crocodilians. This includes ‘true crocodiles’, alligators and caimans.z The IUCN status of Saltwater crocodiles is Least Concern. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z Today, they are found in three locations in India — the Sundarbans, Bhitarkanika National Park and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.z It is one of the three crocodiles native to the Indian Subcontinent, along with the mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) and the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus). Hence, statement 3 is correct.z It is also found in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Hence, statement 3 is correct.z It used to be found in Vietnam and southern China, became extinct in these areas due to human activity. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.96. Ans: BExp:z Recently, Guwahati Wildlife Division of the Assam Forest Department conducted the 2nd Bird Species Count Exercise after February 2022 in Deepor Beel Wetland.z About:� It is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Assam and an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.� Deepor Beel has been designated as a Ramsar Site in November, 2002. Hence, statement 2 is correct.� It is located towards the southwest of Guwahati city, Assam and is the erstwhile water channel of River Brahmaputra.� The lake expands up to 30 sq. km in summer and reduces to about 10 sq. km in the winter.� The Assam Forest Department manages the 4.1 sq km Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary in the central part of the greater wetland named Deepor Beel.97. Ans: BExp:Blackbucks:z About:� The Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), or the Indian Antelope, is a species of antelope native to India and Nepal.� It is widespread in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and other areas throughout peninsular India.� It is considered as the epitome of grassland.� The blackbuck is a diurnal antelope (active mainly during the day).www.drishtiias.com PT SPRINT (2023) Environment & Ecology Explanation 22z Recognition:� It has been declared as the State Animal of Punjab, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.z Cultural Importance:� It is a symbol of purity for Hinduism as its skin and horns are regarded as sacred objects. For Buddhism, it is a symbol of good luck.z Protection Status:� Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I� IUCN Status: Least Concern� Hence, statement 2 is correct.� CITES: Appendix IIIz Threat:� Habitat Fragmentation, Deforestation, Natural Calamities, Illegal Hunting.98. Ans: BExp:z Change in Ocean Temperature: The phenomenon begins when there is a strong change (or gradient) in ocean temperatures.z In the process known as convection, the gradient causes more warm air, heated by the ocean surface, to rise over the ocean surface.z As prevailing winds move the hot air east, the northern shifts of the jet stream trap the air and move it toward land, where it sinks, resulting in heat waves.z Change in Atmospheric Pressure: Heat waves begin when high
